Cape Fear Valley Health System

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Medical Procedures

Health News This list of common medical procedures, treatments and tests is in alphabetical order. You can scroll the topics alphabetically. Or you can hit CTRL-F which, in most browsers, will give you a search box in which to type the term you want.

You can also find some suggestions about questions you may want to ask prior to your procedure in Learn About Your Procedure.

A |

Abdominal hysterectomy

Surgical removal of the uterus through the abdomen. (Read about "Hysterectomy")

Abdominal ultrasound

A procedure used to examine the organs in the abdomen. The ultrasound device is pressed firmly against the skin of the abdomen. Sound waves from the device bounce off tissues and create echoes. A computer uses the echoes to make a picture called a sonogram. Can be used to diagnose abnormalities of the liver, gallbladder, spleen, appendix, pancreas, kidneys and other conditions. (Read about "Ultrasound Imaging")

ACTH Stimulation Test

This test checks how the adrenal glands respond to the hormone known as ACTH. It can be used for diagnosing endocrine disorders such as Addison's disease and Cushing's syndrome. (Read about "Endocrine System" "Addison's Disease" "Cushing's Syndrome")

Adenoidectomy

Surgical removal of the adenoids. May be done in cases where adenoids are enlarged or infected, or causing ear infections, sinus infections or sleep disorders. (Read about "Tonsils and Adenoids" "Otitis Media" "Sinusitis" "Sleep")

Adjunctive therapy

Another treatment used together with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment.

Adjuvant therapy (AD-joo-vant)

Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure.

Amniocentesis

A test, done during pregnancy, of a small sample of the amniotic fluid surrounding a fetus, most commonly used to detect birth defects. (Read about "Pregnancy Testing" "Birth Defects")

Amputation (am-pyoo-TAY-shun)

Surgery to remove part or all of a limb or appendage.

Anastomosis (an-AS-ta-MO-sis)

A procedure to connect healthy sections of tubular structures in the body after the diseased portion has been surgically removed.

Androgen suppression /androgen ablation

Treatment to suppress or block the production of male hormones. Androgen suppression is achieved by surgical removal of the testicles, by taking female sex hormones, or by taking other drugs (antiandrogens). Also called androgen ablation. Can be used in the treatment of prostate cancer. (Read about "The Prostate")

Anesthesia

Partial or complete loss of sensation, brought on by anesthetic drugs, usually to block the pain of surgery. (Read about "Anesthesia")

Angiography (an-jee-AH-gra-fee)

A procedure to x-ray blood vessels. Dye is injected into the vessel using a catheter or small tube. The blood vessels can be seen because the dye shows up in the x-ray pictures. Can be used to identify blockages and other problems interfering with the flow of blood, for example in the legs, heart, or brain. (Read about "X-rays" "Cardiovascular Tests" "Vascular System: Arteries and Veins" "The Brain")

Angioplasty

A procedure to open clogged arteries. (Read about "Angioplasty")

Antibody therapy

Treatment with an antibody, a substance that can directly kill specific tumor cells or stimulate the immune system to kill tumor cells. (Read about "Cancer Treatments" "The Immune System")

Appendectomy (ap-pen-DECK-toe-me)

Appendectomy is the surgical removal of the appendix. (Read about "Appendicitis")

Arteriography (ar-TEE-ree-AH-gra-fee)

A procedure to x-ray arteries. The arteries can be seen because of an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. See also coronary angiography. (Read about "X-rays" "Cardiovascular Tests" "Vascular System: Arteries and Veins")

Arthroscopy

Arthroscopy is a surgical procedure used by orthopaedic surgeons to diagnose and treat problems inside a joint. (Read about "Arthroscopy")

Aspiration (as-per-AY-shun)

Removal of fluid from a lump, often a cyst, with a needle and a syringe.

Autologous bone marrow transplantation (aw-TAHL-o-gus)

A procedure in which bone marrow is removed from a person, stored, and then given back to the person after intensive treatment. (Read about "Transplants")

B |

Balloon angioplasty

A procedure to open clogged arteries. A catheter (thin sterile tube), positioned in the narrowed coronary artery, has a tiny balloon at its tip. The balloon is inflated and deflated to stretch or break open the narrowing and improve the passage for blood flow. The balloon-tipped catheter is then removed. (Read about "Angioplasty")

Barium enema

A procedure in which a liquid with barium in it is put into the rectum and colon by way of the anus. Barium is a silver-white metallic compound that helps to show the image of the lower gastrointestinal tract on an x-ray. Can be used in the diagnosis of Crohn's disease, colorectal cancer, ulcerative colitis, and other diseases of the colon. (Read about "X-rays" "Crohn's Disease" "Colorectal Cancer" "Ulcerative Colitis" "Diverticular Disease" "Digestive System")

Barium swallow

A series of x-rays of the esophagus. The x-ray pictures are taken after the person drinks a solution that contains barium. The barium coats and outlines the esophagus on the x-ray. Also called an esophagram. Used to detect cancer and other abnormalities of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. (Read about "X-rays" "Stomach Cancer" "Esophagus Cancer" "Crohn's Disease" "Digestive System")

Biliary

Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder.

Biofeedback

A method of learning to voluntarily control certain body functions such as heartbeat, blood pressure, and muscle tension with the help of a special machine. This method can help control chronic and other types of pain. (Read about biofeedback in "CAM Therapies" "Chronic Pain")

Biological therapy (by-o-LAHJ-i-kul)

Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. (Read about "Cancer Treatments" "The Immune System")

Biopsy (BY-op-see)

The removal of cells or tissues for examination under a microscope. When only a sample of tissue is removed, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy or core biopsy. When an entire tumor or lesion is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle, the procedure is called a needle biopsy or fine-needle aspiration. (Read about "Biopsy")

Blepharoplasty

Blepharoplasty refers to is plastic surgery to remove excess fat, along with skin and muscle, from the upper and lower eyelids. (Read about "Plastic Surgery" "The Eye")

Blood transfusion

The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel.

Bone density scan

An x-ray scan used to measure the density of your bones, usually of the lower part of the spine and a hip. The results indicate the strength of your bones, and can be used to determine your risk of osteoporosis. (Read about "X-rays" "DEXA Scan - Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry/Densitometry" "Osteoporosis")

Bone marrow biopsy (BY-op-see)

The removal of a sample of tissue from the bone marrow with a needle for examination under a microscope. (Read about "Biopsy")

Bone marrow transplantation (trans-plan-TAY-shun)

A procedure to replace bone marrow. Can be used following treatment for certain cancers in which the bone marrow has been destroyed by anticancer drugs or radiation. It can also be used as a treatment for certain types of anemia's, such as sickle cell and aplastic anemia. Transplantation may be autologous (an individual's own marrow saved before treatment), allogeneic (marrow donated by someone else), or syngeneic (marrow donated by an identical twin). (Read about "Transplants" "Leukemia" "Anemia" "Sickle Cell Disease")

Bone scan

A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. (Read about "Skeletal System")

Brachytherapy (BRAKE-ih-THER-a-pee)

A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed into the body. Also called internal radiation, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. Can be used in treating cancer. (Read about "Cancer Treatments") Can be used in the treatment of blood vessels affected by heart disease. (Read about "Coronary Heart Disease" "Heart Attack")

Breast-conserving surgery

An operation to remove the breast cancer but not the breast itself. Types of breast-conserving surgery include lumpectomy (removal of the lump), quadrantectomy (removal of one quarter of the breast), and segmental mastectomy (removal of the cancer as well as some of the breast tissue around the tumor and the lining over the chest muscles below the tumor). (Read about "Breast Cancer")

Bronchoscopy

Procedure that uses a bronchoscope or flexible tube with a small light and camera to examine the airways of the lung. Can be used to diagnose problems such as tuberculosis, pneumonia and lung cancer. (Read about "Endoscopy" "Tuberculosis" "Pneumonia" "Lung Cancer")

Bypass

A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. (Read about "Coronary Bypass Surgery")

C |

Camera pill

The camera pill is also known as capsule endoscopy, a swallowable capsule containing a tiny camera that has Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. It takes pictures twice a second as it glides through the small intestine. It is then excreted from the body. It is intended to visualize the inside of the small intestine to detect polyps, cancer, or causes of bleeding and anemia. (Read about "Endoscopy" "Gastrointestinal Bleeding" "Anemia")

Capsule endoscopy

Is also known as the camera pill. It is a swallowable capsule containing a tiny camera. It takes pictures as it glides through the small intestine. It is then excreted from the body. It is intended to visualize the inside of the small intestine to detect polyps, cancer, or causes of bleeding and anemia. (Read about "Endoscopy" "Gastrointestinal Bleeding" "Anemia")

Cardiac catheterization

Cardiac catheterization is a test used to explore the coronary arteries, using a fine tube (catheter) that's put into an artery or vein of an arm or leg and passed through the tube into the arteries of the heart. Can be used in the diagnosis of heart disease. (Read about "Cardiovascular Tests" "Coronary Heart Disease")

Cardioversion

A procedure used to restore the heart beat to a normal rhythm when a patient has a chronic irregular heart rhythm or arrhythmia. In cardioversion, a machine delivers electrical current(s) to the heart through paddles applied to the chest. (Read about "Arrhythmia")

Carotid endarterectomy

Carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure designed to prevent strokes. (Read about "Stroke") Can be used to unclog the carotid artery in the neck that has become clogged or blocked.

Castration

Removal or destruction of the testicles or ovaries using radiation, surgery, or drugs. Medical castration refers to the use of drugs to suppress the function of the ovaries or testicles.

Cataract surgery

Surgery to remove or dissolve the clouded lens of the eye formed as a result of a cataract. (Read about "Cataracts")

CAT scan

A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. (Read about "CT Scan - Computerized Tomography")

Catheterization

Catheterization is the insertion of a catheter (a thin sterile tube) into the body. For example, a catheter can be inserted into the bladder to help keep it drained. (Read about "The Urinary System") Cardiac catheterization is a test used to explore the coronary arteries, using a fine tube (catheter) that's put into an artery or vein of an arm or leg and passed into the arteries of the heart. Can be used in the diagnosis of heart disease. (Read about "Coronary Heart Disease")

Cauterization (KAW-ter-ih-ZAY-shun)

The destruction of tissue with a hot instrument, an electrical current, or a caustic substance.

CBC

Complete blood count. A test to check the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a sample of blood. Also called blood cell count. (Read about "Complete Blood Count (CBC)" "Blood Disorders Glossary")

Celioscopy

Also called pelvic laparoscopy. Surgical procedure to examine and treat abdominal and pelvic organs. Uses a small surgical viewing instrument called a laparoscope which is inserted into the abdomen. Can be used in the diagnosis/treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, ovarian cysts, and other conditions. (Read about "Endoscopy" "Endometriosis" "The Ovaries")

Cesarean section

A Cesarean section (c-section) is used when a woman cannot deliver a baby vaginally, or if a baby is in distress during labor. An incision is made in a woman's abdomen and her uterus to deliver the baby. (Read about "Childbirth" "Healthy Pregnancy")

Chamberlain procedure

A procedure in which a tube is inserted into the chest to view the tissues and organs in the area between the lungs and between the breastbone and spine. The tube is inserted through an incision next to the breastbone. Also called anterior mediastinotomy.

Chemoembolization

A procedure in which the blood supply to a tumor is blocked surgically or mechanically and anticancer drugs are administered directly into the tumor. This permits a higher concentration of drug to be in contact with the tumor for a longer period of time. (Read about "Cancer Treatments")

Chemotherapy

The use of drugs to treat cancer. (Read about "Cancer Treatments")

Cholecystectomy

Surgery to remove the gallbladder. (Read about "Gallstones")

Chorionic villus sampling

Chorionic villus sampling or CVS is a test used during pregnancy to diagnose birth defects. (Read about "Birth Defects") In CVS, a thin tube is inserted either through a woman's vagina or her abdomen to get a small sample of placental cells called the chorionic villi. (Read about "Pregnancy Testing")

Clinical trial

A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. The study tests new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease.

Colectomy (ko-LEK-toe-mee)

An operation to remove the colon or a portion of the colon. An open colectomy is the removal of the colon through a surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen. Laparoscopic-assisted colectomy uses a thin, lighted tube attached to a video camera. (Read about "Endoscopy") It allows the surgeon to remove the colon without a large incision. Can be used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer, and other conditions. (Read about "Colorectal Cancer" "Ulcerative Colitis" "Crohn's Disease" "Diverticular Disease")

Colonoscopy (ko-lun-AHS-ko-pee)

An examination of the inside of the colon using a thin, lighted tube (called a colonoscope) inserted into the rectum. If abnormal areas are seen, tissue can be removed and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present. Can be used in the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer, and other conditions. (Read about "Colonoscopy")

Colostomy

A colostomy is an incision into the colon (large intestine) to create an artificial opening or "stoma" to the exterior of the abdomen. Can be necessary due to treatment for colorectal cancer and other conditions. (Read about "Colorectal Cancer")

Colposcopy (kul-PAHS-ko-pee)

Examination of the vagina and cervix using a lighted magnifying instrument called a colposcope. Can be used to determine the cause of an abnormal Pap smear. (Read about "Cervical Cancer")

Combination chemotherapy

Treatment using more than one anticancer drug. (Read about "Cancer Treatments")

Complete blood count

CBC. A test to check the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a sample of blood. Also called blood cell count. (Read about "Complete Blood Count (CBC)" "Blood Disorders Glossary")

Complete hysterectomy

Surgery to remove the entire uterus, including the cervix. Sometimes, not all of the cervix is removed. Also called total hysterectomy. (Read about "Hysterectomy")

Computed tomography (tuh-MAH-gra-fee)

A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CT or CAT scan. (Read about "CT Scan - Computerized Tomography")

Concurrent therapy

A treatment that is given at the same time as another.

Cone biopsy

Surgery to remove a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the cervix and cervical canal. Cone biopsy may be used to diagnose or treat a cervical condition. Also called conization. Can be used in the diagnosis of cervical cancer. (Read about "Biopsy" "Cervical Cancer")

Continuous infusion

The administration of a fluid into a blood vessel, usually over a prolonged period of time.

Conventional therapy

A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment.

Coronary angiography

Coronary angiography (or arteriography) is a test used to explore the coronary arteries. A fine tube (catheter) is put into an artery of an arm or leg and passed through the tube into the arteries of the heart. The heart and blood vessels are then filmed while the heart pumps. The picture that is seen, called an angiogram or arteriogram, will show problems such as a blockage caused by atherosclerosis. (Read about "Cardiovascular Tests" "Coronary Heart Disease" "Arteriosclerosis & Atherosclerosis")

Coronary angioplasty

Coronary angioplasty is a medical procedure used to restore flow through a narrowed or blocked artery that supplies blood to the heart muscle. (Read about "Angioplasty" "Coronary Heart Disease")

Coronary artery bypass operation

In a coronary artery bypass operation, a blood vessel, usually taken from the leg or chest, is grafted onto the blocked artery, bypassing the blocked area. If more than one artery is blocked, a bypass can be done on each. The blood can then go around the obstruction to supply the heart with enough blood to relieve chest pain. (Read about "Cornary Bypass Surgery" "Coronary Heart Disease")

Craniotomy (kray-nee-AH-toe-mee)

An operation in which an opening is made in the skull. Can be used as treatment for brain tumors. Can also be used to inspect the brain, remove clots or perform a biopsy. (Read about "Brain Tumors" "The Brain" "Biopsy")

Cryosurgery (KRYE-o-SIR-jer-ee)

Treatment performed with an instrument that freezes and destroys abnormal tissues.

Cryotherapy

Any method that uses cold temperature to treat disease.

C-section

CT scan

A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography, computed tomography (CAT scan), or computerized tomography. (Read about "CT Scan - Computerized Tomography")

Curettage (kyoo-reh-TAHZH)

Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge.

CVS

Cystectomy (sis-TEK-toe-mee)

Surgery to remove all or part of the bladder. Can be used in the treatment of bladder cancer. (Read about "Bladder Cancer" "The Urinary System")

Cystoscopy (sist-OSS-ko-pee)

Examination of the bladder and urethra using a thin, lighted instrument (called a cystoscope) inserted into the urethra. Tissue samples can be removed and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present. Can be used in the diagnosis of bladder cancer, enlarged prostate, incontinence, cystitis, and other diseases and conditions. (Read about "Endoscopy" "The Urinary System" "Bladder Cancer" "The Prostate" "Incontinence" "Cystitis")

D |

D&C

Dilation and curettage. A procedure in which the cervix is expanded enough (dilation) to permit the cervical canal and uterine lining to be scraped with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curettage). A D&C may be used to diagnose or treat a number of conditions including uterine bleeding, fibroids, and other conditions. (Read about "Menstrual Disorders" "Uterine Fibroids")

Da Vinci Robotic Surgery®

The device enables a surgeon to perform surgery while seated at a console with a computer and video monitor. The surgeon uses handgrips and foot pedals on the console to control three robotic arms that perform the surgery with a variety of surgical tools. The robotic arms, which have a "wrist" built into the end of the tool, give surgeons manipulation ability during surgery, providing easier, more intricate motion and better control of tools. Smaller incisions are needed to perform the surgery. The Da Vinci Endoscopic Instrument Control System® is used for general gallbladder and reflux disease surgery, prostate surgery, hysterectomy and heart surgery, among others. (Read about "Robotic Surgery" "Gallstones" "Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease" "The Prostate" "Hysterectomy" "The Heart & Its Valves")

Decortication (de-KOR-tih-KAY-shun)

Removal of part or all of the external surface of an organ.

Defibrillation

A process in which an electronic device gives an electric shock to the heart, in order to reestablish normal contraction rhythm. (Read about "Heart Attack" "Arrhythmia")

Dermabrasion

Technique using controlled surgical scraping of the top layers of the skin, as a way to reduce the appearance of wrinkles, acne and other scars. (Read about "Acne" "Skin Care: Age and Skin")

DEXA Scan

A DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) scan exposes you to far less radiation than a chest X-ray. During this type of exam, you lie fully clothed on a padded table while the machine scans one or more areas of the body. DEXA scanning is a procedure that measures the amount of bone, muscle and/or body fat. It is commonly used to measure bone density and diagnose osteoporosis. (Read about "X-rays" "DEXA Scan - Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry/Densitometry" "Osteoporosis")

Diagnostic procedure

A method used to identify a disease.

Dialysis (dye-AL-ih-sis)

The process of cleansing the blood when the kidneys are not able to filter the blood. (Read about "End Stage Renal Disease")

Diathermy (DYE-a-ther-mee)

The use of heat to destroy abnormal cells. Also called cauterization or electrodiathermy.

Digital rectal examination

DRE. An examination in which a doctor inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to feel for abnormalities. Can be used in the diagnosis of prostate problems, colorectal cancers, and other conditions. (Read about "The Prostate" "Colorectal Cancer")

Dilation and curettage (dye-LAY-shun and kyoo-reh-TAHZH)

D&C. A procedure in which the cervix is expanded enough (dilation) to permit the cervical canal and uterine lining to be scraped with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curettage). A D&C may be used to diagnose or treat a number of conditions including uterine bleeding, fibroids, and other conditions. (Read about "Menstrual Disorders" "Uterine Fibroids")

Discectomy

A discectomy removes part of a herniated disk in the spine. It can be used to relieve some of the pressure on a nerve that is causing pain in the back or the leg. (Read about "The Spine")

Distal pancreatectomy

Removal of the body and tail of the pancreas.

Ductal lavage

A method used to collect cells from milk ducts in the breast. The cells are looked at under a microscope to check for cancer. A hair-size catheter (tube) is inserted into the nipple. A small amount of salt water flows into the duct and is then removed with the cells in it. Ductal lavage may be used in addition to physical breast examination and mammography to detect breast cancer. (Read about "Breast Cancer")

E |

ECG

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart as it contracts and rests. It can be used in the diagnosis of a number of heart conditions including valve disorders, arrhythmias, and heart attack. (Read about "EKG - Electrocardiogram" "Cardiovascular Tests" "Coronary Heart Disease" "The Heart and Its Valves" "Arrhythmia" "Heart Attack")

Echocardiography

A procedure that uses ultrasonic waves directed over the chest wall to obtain a graphic record of the heart's position, motion of the walls, or internal parts such as the valves. This test can be used in the diagnosis of a number of heart conditions including valve disorders, cardiomyopathy and heart attack. (Read about "Cardiovascular Tests" "The Heart & Cardiovascular System" "Coronary Heart Disease" "Cardiomyopathy" "The Heart and Its Valves" "Heart Attack" "Ultrasound Imaging")

EGD

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy. A test that uses a flexible fiberoptic endoscope to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and upper duodendum. Can be used to diagnose cancer or other abnormalities of the esophagus, stomach, and duodendum. (Read about "Endoscopy" "Peptic Ulcers" "Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)" "Esophagus Cancer" "Stomach Cancer" "Digestive System")

EKG

Electrocardiogram

See EKG above.

Electroencephalogram

EEG. A recording of the brain's electrical activity. Can be used in the diagnosis of brain disorders such as epilepsy, stroke, brain tumors, brain injury and other conditions. (Read about "The Brain" "Epilepsy" "Stroke" "Brain Tumors" "Head Injury" "Seizures")

Electromyography

Electromyography (EMG) is a test that measures the response of muscle fibers to electrical activity.

Electron beam computed tomography (EBCT)

This test identifies and measures calcium buildup in and around the coronary arteries. Calcium build-ups can indicate an increased risk of heart disease. (Read about "Cardiovascular Tests" "Coronary Heart Disease" "CT Scan - Computerized Tomography")

Electronystagmogram

Electronystagmogram (ENG) is a test of the vestibular system which is used to help diagnose balance problems. (Read about "Balance Disorders")

Embolization (EM-bo-lih-ZAY-shun)

The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Can be used to describe a condition, for example a pulmonary embolism. (Read about "Pulmonary Embolism") Can also be used in reference to procedures. Embolization can be done, for example, as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. Uterine fibroid embolization is a way to stop the blood flow that makes fibroids grow. (Read about "Cancer Treatments" "Uterine Fibroids")

Endocrine therapy

Treatment that adds, blocks, or removes hormones. For certain conditions (such as diabetes or menopause or certain thyroid conditions), hormones are given to adjust low hormone levels. (Read about "Diabetes" "Menopause" "Thyroid") To slow or stop the growth of certain cancers (such as prostate and breast cancer), hormones may be given to block the body's natural hormones. (Read about "The Prostate" "Breast Cancer") Sometimes surgery is needed to remove the source of hormones. Also called hormone therapy, hormonal therapy, and hormone treatment. (Read about "Cancer Treatments")

Endometrial ablation

Procedure done to remove the lining of the uterus. Can be done as an alternative to hysterectomy for treatment of excessive menstrual bleeding. (Read about "Menstrual Disorders")

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

A procedure used to diagnose and sometimes treat a variety of gastrointestinal conditions including gallstones and pancreatitis. (Read about "Endoscopy" "Gallstones" "Pancreatitis")

Endoscopic therapy

A technique to control bleeding that can be used in the treatment of bleeding ulcers, pancreatitis and other conditions. (Read about "Endoscopy" "Peptic Ulcers" "Pancreatitis")

Endoscopic ultrasound

A test that uses an endoscope (a flexible tube inserted into the body) to bounce high-energy sound waves off internal tissues and organs and change the echoes into pictures (sonograms). Also called endosonography. (Read about "Endoscopy" "Ultrasound Imaging")

Endoscopy (en-DAHS-ko-pee)

The use of a thin, lighted tube (called an endoscope) to examine the inside of the body. See also in this glossary: bronchoscopy, celioscopy, colonoscopy, cystoscopy, EGD, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, esophagoscopy, laryngoscopy, gastroscopy, sigmoidoscopy. (Read about "Endoscopy")

Enema

The injection of a liquid through the anus into the large bowel.

ENG

Electronystagmogram (ENG) is a test of the vestibular system which is used to help diagnose balance problems. (Read about "Balance Disorders")

Epidural block

An injection of an anesthetic drug into the space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. Often used during labor and delivery. (Read about "Childbirth" "Anesthesia")

Episiotomy

Episiotomy is a procedure used during delivery of a baby, in which an incision is made in the perineum (area between the vagina and the anus) to make the vaginal opening larger in order to prevent the area from tearing during labor. (Read about "Childbirth" "Healthy Pregnancy" "Anesthesia")

ERCP

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a procedure used to diagnose and sometimes treat a variety of gastrointestinal conditions including gallstones and pancreatitis. (Read about "Endoscopy" "Gallstones" "Pancreatitis")

ERT

Estrogen replacement therapy. Hormones (estrogen, progesterone, or both) given to postmenopausal women or to women who have had their ovaries surgically removed. Hormones are given to replace the estrogen no longer produced by the ovaries. (Read about "Menopause")

Esophagoscopy (eh-sof-a-GAHS-ko-pee)

Examination of the esophagus using a thin, lighted tube. Can be used in the diagnosis of cancer, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and other conditions. (Read about "Endoscopy" "Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)" "Esophagus Cancer" "Digestive System")

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

EGD. A test that uses a flexible fiberoptic endocsope to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and upper duodendum. Can be used to diagnose cancer or other abnormalities of the esophagus, stomach, and duodendum. (Read about "Endoscopy" "Peptic Ulcers" "Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)" "Esophagus Cancer" "Stomach Cancer")

Esophagram (eh-SOF-a-gram)

A series of x-rays of the esophagus. The x-ray pictures are taken after the person drinks a solution that contains barium. The barium coats and outlines the esophagus on the x-ray. Also called a barium swallow. Used to detect cancer and other abnormalities of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. (Read about "X-rays" "Stomach Cancer" "Esophagus Cancer" "Crohn's Disease")

Excisional biopsy (ek-SI-zhun-al BY-op-see)

A surgical procedure in which an entire lump or suspicious area is removed for diagnosis. The tissue is then examined under a microscope. (Read about "Biopsy")

External-beam radiation (ray-dee-AY-shun)

Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. (Read about "Cancer Treatments")

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

A procedure that uses high-energy shockwaves to break up stones inside the body such as urinary or kidney stones. (Read about "The Urinary System" "Kidney Stones")

F |

Fecal occult blood test (FEE-kul o-KULT)

A test to check for blood in stool. (Fecal refers to stool; occult means hidden.) Blood may be present due to a number of problems along the digestive tract, including colon cancer and other conditions. (Read about "Gastrointestinal Bleeding" "Digestive System" "Colorectal Cancer")

Fine-needle aspiration

The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called needle biopsy. (Read about "Biopsy")

Fluoroscopy (floor-AHS-ko-pee)

An x-ray procedure that makes it possible to see internal organs in motion. (Read about "X-rays")

fMRI

Functional magnetic resonance imaging. A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. (Read about "MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging" "The Brain")

Fulguration (ful-gyoor-AY-shun)

Destroying tissue using an electric current.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. Can be used in the diagnosis and monitoring of brain tumors, strokes, multiple sclerosis and other conditions. (Read about "MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging" "Brain Tumors" "Stroke" "Multiple Sclerosis")

G |

Gastrectomy (gas-TREK-toe-mee)

An operation to remove all or part of the stomach. Can be used as treatment for bleeding ulcer, stomach cancer, and other conditions. (Read about "Peptic Ulcers" "Stomach Cancer")

Gastroscopy

The use of a flexible tube to examine the upper intestinal tract including the esophagus, stomach and duodenum. The procedure is used to diagnose a variety of conditions including ulcers, stomach cancer, and other abnormalities. (Read about "Endoscopy" "Stomach Cancer" "Peptic Ulcers" "Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)" "Digestive System")

Gene therapy

Treatment that alters a gene.

General anesthesia (an-es-THEE-zha)

Drugs that cause loss of feeling or awareness and put the person to sleep. (Read about "Anesthesia")

Genetic testing

Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder.

Grading

A system for classifying cancer cells in terms of how abnormal they appear when examined under a microscope. The objective of a grading system is to provide information about the probable growth rate of the tumor and its tendency to spread. The systems used to grade tumors vary with each type of cancer. Grading plays a role in treatment decisions. (Read about "Cancer Treatments")

H |

Helical computed tomography

A detailed picture of areas inside the body. The pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine that scans the body in a spiral path. Also called spiral CT scan. (Read about "CT Scan - Computerized Tomography")

Hemorrhoidectomy

Surgery to remove protruding or symptomatic hemorrhoids. (Read about "Hemorrhoids")

Herniorrhaphy

The surgical repair of a hernia. (Read about "Hernia")

Hormonal therapy

Treatment that adds, blocks, or removes hormones. For certain conditions (such as diabetes or menopause), hormones are given to adjust low hormone levels. (Read about "Diabetes" "Menopause") To slow or stop the growth of certain cancers (such as prostate and breast cancer), hormones may be given to block the body's natural hormones. (Read about "The Prostate" "Breast Cancer") Sometimes surgery is needed to remove the source of hormones. Also called hormone therapy, hormonal therapy, and hormone treatment. (Read about "Cancer Treatments")

Hormone replacement therapy

HRT. Hormones (estrogen, progesterone, or both) given to postmenopausal women or women who have had their ovaries surgically removed, to replace the estrogen no longer produced by the ovaries. (Read about "Menopause")

Hyperthermic perfusion

A procedure in which a warmed solution containing anticancer drugs is used to bathe, or is passed through the blood vessels of, the tissue or organ containing the tumor. (Read about "Cancer Treatments")

Hysterectomy (hiss-ter-EK-toe-mee)

An operation in which the uterus is removed. (Read about "Hysterectomy")

Hysterosalpingography

An x-ray of the uterus and fallopian tubes while contrast dye is injected through the cervix. Can be used in the diagnosis of uterine adhesions and fallopian tube obstruction that may be contributing to infertility. (Read about "X-rays" "Infertility")

I |

ICD implantation

Surgical implantation of an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator which monitors the heart's rhythm and uses an electrical shock to bring it back to normal when necessary. (Read about "Arrhythmia")

Ileostomy (il-ee-AHS-toe-mee)

An opening into the ileum, part of the small intestine, from the outside of the body. An ileostomy provides a new path for waste material to leave the body after part of the intestine has been removed. Can be necessary due to treatment for Crohn's disease and other conditions. (Read about "Crohn's Disease")

Immunization

A technique used to cause an immune response that results in resistance to a specific disease, especially an infectious disease. (Read about "Immunizations" "The Immune System")

Immunoscintigraphy

An imaging procedure in which antibodies labeled with radioactive substances are given to the person. A picture is taken of sites in the body where the antibody localizes.

Immunosuppression

Suppression of the body's immune system (Read about "The Immune System") and its ability to fight infections or disease. Immunosuppression may be deliberately induced with drugs, as in preparation for bone marrow or other organ transplantation to prevent rejection of the donor tissue. (Read about "Transplants") It may also result from certain diseases such as AIDS or lymphoma or from anticancer drugs. (Read about "HIV / AIDS" "Lymphoma" "Cancer Treatments")

Immunotherapy (IM-yoo-no-THER-a-pee)

Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system (Read about "The Immune System") to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also called biological therapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. (Read about "Cancer Treatments")

Implant radiation (ray-dee-AY-shun)

A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near a tumor. Also called brachytherapy, internal radiation, or interstitial radiation. (Read about "Cancer Treatments")

Incisional biopsy (in-SI-zhun-al BY-op-see)

A surgical procedure in which a portion of a lump or suspicious area is removed for diagnosis. The tissue is then examined under a microscope. (Read about "Biopsy")

Infusion

A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion.

Inguinal orchiectomy (IN-gwin-al or-kee-EK-toe-mee)

An operation in which the testicle is removed through an incision in the groin. Can be used in treatment of testicular cancer. (Read about "Testicular Cancer")

Intracarotid infusion

The introduction of fluids and drugs directly into the carotid artery, the main artery in the neck that carries blood from the heart to the brain. (Read about "The Brain")

Intraepithelial (in-tra-eh-pih-THEEL-ee-ul)

Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ.

Intrahepatic (in-tra-hep-AT-ik)

Within the liver. (Read about "The Liver")

Intramuscular injection

Injection into muscle.

Intraperitoneal (IN-tra-per-ih-toe-NEE-al)

IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs).

Intravenous (in-tra-VEE-nus)

Within a blood vessel.

Intravenous pyelography (in-tra-VEE-nus pye-LAH-gra-fee)

X-ray study of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. The x-rays are taken after a dye is injected into a blood vessel. The dye is concentrated in the urine, which outlines the kidneys, ureters, and bladder on the x-rays. (Read about "X-rays" "The Urinary System") Can be used in the diagnosis of kidney disease, bladder cancer, enlarged prostate and other conditions. (Read about "Kidney Disease" "Bladder Cancer" "The Prostate")

Intraventricular infusion

The delivery of a drug into a space within an organ.

Irradiation (ih-RAY-dee-AY-shun)

IV

Intravenous or within a blood vessel.

IVP

Intravenous pyelography. X-ray study of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. The x-rays are taken after a dye is injected into a blood vessel. The dye is concentrated in the urine, which outlines the kidneys, ureters, and bladder on the x-rays. (Read about "X-rays" "The Urinary System") Can be used in the diagnosis of kidney disease, bladder cancer, enlarged prostate and other conditions. (Read about "Kidney Disease" "Bladder Cancer" "The Prostate")

J |

Joint Replacement Surgery

Joint replacement surgery is removing a damaged joint and putting in a new one. A joint is where two or more bones come together, like the knee, hip, and shoulder. (Read about "The Knee" "The Hip" "The Shoulder") The surgery is usually done by a doctor called an orthopaedic surgeon. Sometimes, the surgeon will not remove the whole joint, but will only replace or fix the damaged parts. (Read about "Joint Replacement")

K |

Keratectomy

Keratectomy is the surgical removal of corneal tissue of the eye. (Read about "The Eye" "Glossary of Vision Terms")

Keratotomy

Keratotomy is a surgical incision of the cornea of the eye. (Read about "The Eye" "Glossary of Vision Terms")

L |

Laboratory test

A medical procedure that involves testing a sample of blood, urine, or other substance from the body. Tests can help determine a diagnosis, plan treatment, check to see if treatment is working, or monitor the disease over time.

Laminectomy

A laminectomy removes the bony area at the back of the vertebra, the lamina, to relieve pressure. Often done in conjunction with discectomy and fusion. (Read about "The Spine")

Laminoplasty

A laminoplasty is the cutting of the bony area at the back of the vertebra, the lamina, and hinging it back to increase the size of the spinal canal. The lamina can be kept open through various techniques such as bone struts, sutures, metal plates or spacers and tension bands. (Read about "The Spine")

Laminotomy

A laminotomy is the partial removal of the bony area at the back of the vertebra, the lamina, to relieve pressure. (Read about "The Spine")

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Surgery to remove the gallbladder. A laparoscope or thin telescope-like tube is inserted through a small incision, and the gallbladder is then removed through a second small incision. (Read about "Endoscopy" "Gallstones")

Laparoscopy (lap-a-RAHS-ko-pee)

The insertion of a thin, lighted tube (called a laparoscope) through the abdominal wall to inspect the inside of the abdomen and remove tissue samples. (Read about "Endoscopy")

Laparotomy (lap-a-RAH-toe-mee)

A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen.

Laryngoscopy (lair-in-GOS-ko-pee)

Examination of the larynx (voice box) with a mirror (indirect laryngoscopy) or with a laryngoscope (direct laryngoscopy). Can be used in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer, throat cancer and other conditions. (Read about "Endoscopy" "Thyroid Cancer" "Head and Neck Cancers")

Laser (LAY-zer)

A device that concentrates light into an intense, narrow beam used to cut or destroy tissue. It is used in microsurgery, photodynamic therapy, and for a variety of diagnostic purposes.

LASIK

LASIK is the acronym for laser assisted in situ keratomileusis which refers to creating a flap in the cornea and using a laser to reshape the underlying cornea. (Read about LASIK in "Refractive Errors" "Glossary of Vision Terms")

LEEP

LEEP (Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure) is the removal of tissue using a hot wire loop. Can be used in the diagnosis of cervical cancer. (Read about "Cervical Cancer")

Lipoprotein Profile

A blood test that measures cholesterol numbers, usually done after a 9-12 hour fast. The test gives information about Total cholesterol; LDL (bad) cholesterol; HDL (good) cholesterol; and Triglycerides (Read about "Cholesterol")

Lithotripsy

A procedure that uses high-energy shockwaves to break up stones inside the body such as gallstones, and urinary or kidney stones. (Read about "Gallstones" "The Urinary System" "Kidney Stones")

Lobectomy (lo-BEK-toe-mee)

The removal of a lobe, or portion of an organ, such as the liver, lung, breast, thyroid or brain. (Read about "Thyroid" "The Brain")

Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure

LEEP is the removal of tissue using a hot wire loop. Can be used in the diagnosis of cervical cancer. (Read about "Cervical Cancer")

Lower GI series

A lower gastrointestinal (GI) series uses x-rays to diagnose problems in the large intestine, which includes the colon and rectum. The lower GI series may show problems like abnormal growths, ulcers, polyps, and diverticuli, and colon cancer. (Read about "X-rays" "Ulcerative Colitis" "Colon Polyps" "Diverticular Disease" "Colorectal Cancer" "Crohn's Disease")

Lumbar puncture

A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a spinal tap.

Lumpectomy (lump-EK-toe-mee)

Surgery to remove the tumor and a small amount of normal tissue around it.

Lymphadenectomy

A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and examined to see whether they contain cancer. Also called lymph node dissection. (Read about "Cancer Treatments")

Lymphangiography (lim-FAN-jee-AH-gra-fee)

An x-ray study of the lymphatic system. A dye is injected into a lymphatic vessel and travels throughout the lymphatic system. The dye outlines the lymphatic vessels and organs on the x-ray. Can be used in the diagnosis of lymphoma and to determine the spread of other types of cancer. (Read about "X-rays" "Lymphoma" "Cancer Treatments")

M |

Magnetic resonance imaging (mag-NET-ik REZ-o-nans IM-a-jing)

MRI. This is a type of imaging involving the use of magnetic fields linked to a computer to create detailed pictures inside the body and head, and detect subtle changes in the tissues. (Read about "MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging")

Mammogram (MAM-o-gram)

An x-ray of the breast. (Read about "X-rays" "Breast Cancer")

Mastectomy (mas-TEK-toe-mee)

Surgery to remove the breast (or as much of the breast tissue as possible). (Read about "Breast Cancer")

Mediastinoscopy (MEE-dee-a-stin-AHS-ko-pee)

A procedure in which a tube is inserted into the chest to view the organs in the area between the lungs and nearby lymph nodes. Can be used in the diagnosis of lung cancer, tuberculosis, lymphoma and other conditions. (Read about "Endoscopy" "Lung Cancer" "Tuberculosis" "Lymphoma")

Metabolic therapy

Treatment to correct changes in metabolism (i.e. The total of all chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism) that can be caused by disease.

Microwave therapy

Treatment that destroys tissue with heat created by electrodes.

Moh's therapy

A procedure used to treat certain skin cancers. The cancer is shaved off one thin layer at a time. Each layer is checked under a microscope until the entire tumor is removed. (Read about "Skin Cancer")

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging (mag-NET-ik REZ-o-nans IM-a-jing). This is a type of imaging involving the use of magnetic fields linked to a computer to create detailed pictures inside the body and head, and detect subtle changes in the tissues. (Read about "MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging")

Myectomy

A surgical procedure to remove some of the muscles and nerves of the eyelids. (Read about "The Eye")

Myelogram

An x-ray examination, during which a contrast dye is injected into the fluid-filled space around the spinal cord. Can be used to detect abnormalities of the spine, spinal cord, or surrounding structures. (Read about "X-rays" "The Spine" "Back Pain" "Chronic Pain")

Myolysis

The shrinking of fibroids using electric current or a laser. (Read about "Uterine Fibroids")

Myomectomy

Myomectomy is a procedure in which uterine fibroids are surgically removed from the uterus. (Read about "Uterine Fibroids")

N |

Needle biopsy

The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. Also called fine-needle aspiration. (Read about "Biopsy")

Neoadjuvant therapy

Treatment given before the primary treatment.

Nephrectomy (nef-REK-toe-mee)

Surgery to remove a kidney that has beem damaged by disease or cancer. (Read about "Kidney Cancer" "Kidney Disease")

Nephrotomogram (nef-ro-TOE-mo-gram)

A series of x-rays of the kidneys. Can be used in the diagnosis of kidney disease or kidney cancer. (Read about "X-rays" "Kidney Disease" "Kidney Cancer")

Nerve block

A procedure in which medicine is injected directly into or around a nerve or into the spine to block pain. (Read about "Anesthesia")

Neurosurgery

Surgery of the nervous system, including brain, spinal cord, skull and scalp. (Read about "The Brain" "Nervous System" "Brain Tumors" "The Spine" "Head Injury" "Stroke" "Back Pain")

NMRI

Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. A procedure in which a magnet linked to a computer is used to create detailed pictures of areas inside the body. (Read about "MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging")

Nuclear medicine scan

A method of diagnostic imaging that uses very small amounts of radioactive material. The patient is injected with a liquid that contains the radioactive substance, which collects in the part of the body to be imaged. Sophisticated instruments detect the radioactive substance in the body and process that information into an image. (Read about "PET - Positron Emission Tomography")

O |

Observation

Closely monitoring a patient's condition but withholding treatment until symptoms appear or change. Also called watchful waiting.

Oophorectomy (o-o-for-EK-toe-mee)

Surgery to remove one or both ovaries. (Read about "The Ovaries")

Open heart surgery

Any operation in which the chest is open and surgery is performed on the heart. Includes heart valve replacements, heart bypass surgeries, heart transplants and other open heart procedures. (Read about "The Heart & Cardiovascular System" "The Heart and Its Valves" "Coronary Heart Disease" "Cornary Bypass Surgery" "Transplants")

Ostomy (AHS-toe-mee)

An operation to create an opening (a stoma) from an area inside the body to the outside. Colostomy, ileostomy and urostomy are types of ostomies.

Ovarian ablation

Surgery, radiation therapy, or a drug treatment to stop the functioning of the ovaries. Also called ovarian suppression. (Read about "The Ovaries")

P |

Palliative therapy

Treatment given to relieve symptoms caused by advanced disease. Palliative therapy does not alter the course of a disease but can improve the quality of life.

Palpation

Examination by pressing on the surface of the body to feel the organs or tissues underneath.

Pancreaticoduodenectomy

A type of surgery for pancreatic cancer. (Read about "Pancreatic Cancer")

Pap test

The collection of cells from the cervix for examination under a microscope. It is used to detect changes that may be cancer or may lead to cancer, and can show noncancerous conditions, such as infection or inflammation. Also called a Pap smear. (Read about "Cervical Cancer")

PCA

Patient-controlled analgesia. A method in which the patient controls the amount of pain medicine that is used. When pain relief is needed, the person can receive a preset dose of pain medicine by pressing a button on a computerized pump that is connected to a small tube in the body. (Read about "Chronic Pain")

Pelvic laparoscopy

Also called celioscopy. Surgical procedure to examine and treat abdominal and pelvic organs. Uses a small surgical viewing instrument called a laparoscope which is inserted into the abdomen. Can be used in the diagnosis/treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, ovarian cysts, and other conditions. (Read about "Endoscopy" "Endometriosis" "The Ovaries")

Percutaneous (per-kyoo-TAY-nee-us)

Done or performed through the skin.

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

A procedure to open clogged arteries. A catheter, positioned in the narrowed coronary artery, has a tiny balloon at its tip. The balloon is inflated and deflated to stretch or break open the narrowing and improve the passage for blood flow. The balloon-tipped catheter is then removed. (Read about "Angioplasty" "Heart Attack")

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (per-kyoo-TAY-nee-us trans-heh-PAT-ik ko-LAN-jee-AH-gra-fee)

PTC. A procedure to x-ray the hepatic and common bile ducts. A contrasting agent is injected into the liver or bile duct, and the ducts are then x-rayed to find the point of obstruction. Can be used in diagnosis of gallstones, liver cancer and other conditions. (Read about "X-rays" "Gallstones" "Liver Cancer" "The Liver")

Perfusion

Bathing an organ or tissue with a fluid.

PET scan

Positron emission tomography scan. A computerized image of the metabolic activity of body tissues used to determine the presence of disease. (Read about "PET - Positron Emission Tomography")

PET-CT scan

PET-CT scans combine CT (computed tomography) and PET (positron emission tomography). Combining CT with PET scanning may provide a more complete picture of a tumor's location and growth or spread than either test alone. (Read about "PET - Positron Emission Tomography" "CT Scan - Computerized Tomography")

Pheresis (fer-E-sis)

A procedure in which blood is collected, part of the blood such as platelets or white blood cells is taken out, and the rest of the blood is returned to the donor. Also called apheresis. (Read about "Blood Donation")

Photodynamic therapy (PDT)

A form of treatment in which a drug is administered and then activated by light. Can be used to treat certain cancers as well as non-cancerous conditions including macular degeneration. (Read about "Macular Degeneration")

Photorefractive keratectomy

PRK is the acronym for photorefractive keratectomy which is a procedure involving the removal of the surface layer of the cornea (epithelium) by gentle scraping and use of a computer-controlled excimer laser to reshape the stroma. (Read about "Glossary of Vision Terms")

Pneumonectomy (noo-mo-NEK-toe-mee)

An operation to remove an entire lung. Can be used as treatment for lung cancer. (Read about "Lung Cancer")

Port

An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath.

Positron emission tomography scan

PET scan. A computerized image of the metabolic activity of body tissues used to determine the presence of disease. (Read about "PET - Positron Emission Tomography")

Proctosigmoidoscopy (PROK-toe-sig-moid-OSS-ko-pee)

An examination of the rectum and the lower part of the colon using a thin, lighted tube called a sigmoidoscope. Can be used to determine causes of diarrhea and/or to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's or ulcerative colitis, colon cancer and other conditions. (Read about "Flexible Sigmoidoscopy" "Diarrhea" "Crohn's Disease" "Ulcerative Colitis" "Colorectal Cancer")

Prostatectomy (pros-ta-TEK-toe-mee)

An operation to remove part or all of the prostate. Radical (or total) prostatectomy is the removal of the entire prostate and some of the tissue around it. (Read about "The Prostate")

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging

A noninvasive imaging method of detecting and measuring activity at the cellular level. It provides chemical information and is used in conjunction with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which gives spatial information. Also called 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. (Read about "MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging")

PTCA

Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty. A procedure to open clogged arteries. A catheter, positioned in the narrowed coronary artery, has a tiny balloon at its tip. The balloon is inflated and deflated to stretch or break open the narrowing and improve the passage for blood flow. The balloon-tipped catheter is then removed. (Read about "Angioplasty" "Coronary Heart Disease" "Heart Attack")

Pump

A device that is used to deliver a precise amount of a drug at a specific rate.

Q |

Quadrantectomy (KWAD-ran-TEK-toh-mee)

Surgical removal of the region of the breast (approximately one quarter) containing cancer. (Read about "Breast Cancer")

R |

Radial Keratotomy

Radial Keratotomy is a surgical procedure designed to correct myopia (nearsightedness) by flattening the cornea and is commonly referred to as RK. (Read about myopia in "Refractive Errors" "Glossary of Vision Terms")

Radiation surgery

A radiation therapy technique that delivers radiation directly to a tumor while sparing the healthy tissue. Also called radiosurgery and stereotactic external beam irradiation. Can be used in the treatment of brain tumors. (Read about "Brain Tumors" "Cancer Treatments")

Radiation therapy (ray-dee-AY-shun)

The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. (Read about "Cancer Treatments")

Radical cystectomy (RAD-ih-kal sis-TEK-toe-mee)

Surgery to remove the bladder as well as nearby tissues and organs. Can be used as treatment for bladder cancer. (Read about "Bladder Cancer" "The Urinary System")

Radical lymph node dissection

A surgical procedure to remove most or all of the lymph nodes that drain lymph from the area around a tumor. The lymph nodes are then examined under a microscope to see if cancer cells have spread to them. (Read about "Cancer: What It Is")

Radical mastectomy (RAD-ih-kal mas-TEK-toe-mee)

Surgery for breast cancer in which the breast, chest muscles, and all of the lymph nodes under the arm are removed. For many years, this was the operation most used, but it is used now only when the tumor has spread to the chest muscles. Also called the Halsted radical mastectomy. (Read about "Breast Cancer")

Radical prostatectomy (RAD-ih-kal pros-ta-TEK-toe-mee)

Surgery to remove the entire prostate. The two types of radical prostatectomy are retropubic prostatectomy and perineal prostatectomy. (Read about "The Prostate")

Radiofrequency ablation

The use of electrodes to heat and destroy abnormal tissue. Can be used in the treatment of a variety of conditions including certain types of arrhythmia as well as liver and other types of cancers (Read about "Arrhythmia" "Liver Cancer" "Cancer Treatments")

Radionuclide scanning

A test that produces pictures (scans) of internal parts of the body. The person is given an injection or swallows a small amount of radioactive material; a machine called a scanner then measures the radioactivity in certain organs. (Read about "PET - Positron Emission Tomography")

Radiosurgery

A radiation therapy technique that delivers radiation directly to a tumor while sparing the healthy tissue. Also called radiation surgery and stereotactic external beam irradiation. Can be used in the treatment of brain tumors. (Read about "Brain Tumors" "Cancer Treatments")

Radiotherapy (RAY-dee-o-THER-a-pee)

Randomized clinical trial

A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best.

Reconstructive surgery

Surgery that is done to reshape or rebuild (reconstruct) a part of the body changed by previous surgery, an accident or disease. (Read about "Plastic Surgery")

Refractive surgery

Refers to surgical procedures that improve vision by correcting refractive errors, such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, or astigmatism. (Read about "Refractive Errors" "Glossary of Vision Terms")

Resection (ree-SEK-shun)

Removal of tissue or removal of part or all of an organ by surgery.

Rhinoplasty

Rhinoplasty is cosmetic nose surgery that often reduces excess cartilage and bone in the nose, to provide a straighter and/or smaller appearance. (Read about "Plastic Surgery")

Robotic Surgery

Robotic surgery uses small devices and cameras, with a surgeon controlling them, to perform surgey. Robotic surgery is being used for many types of surgery including gallbladder and reflux disease surgery, prostate surgery, hysterectomy and heart surgery, among others. (Read about "Robotic Surgery" "Gallstones" "Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease" "The Prostate" "Hysterectomy" "The Heart & Its Valves")

S |

Salpinectomy

Surgical removal of one or both fallopian tubes.

Salpingo-oophorectomy (sal-PIN-go o-o-for-EK-toe-mee)

Surgical removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries. (Read about "The Ovaries")

Scans

Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans are often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances, that are injected into the bloodstream, collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. (Read about "CT Scan - Computerized Tomography" "MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging" "PET - Positron Emission Tomography")

Sclerotherapy

A treatment for varicose veins, in which injection of the vein causes it to collapse and be absorbed by the body. (Read about "Varicose Veins")

Sepsis (SEP-sis)

The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. (Read about "Microorganisms" "Sepsis")

Sigmoidoscopy (sig-moid-OSS-ko-pee)

Inspection of the lower colon using a thin, lighted tube called a sigmoidoscope. Samples of tissue or cells may be collected for examination under a microscope. Also called proctosigmoidoscopy. Can be used to determine causes of diarrhea and/or to diagnose inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's or ulcerative colitis, colon cancer and other conditions. (Read about "Flexible Sigmoidoscopy")

Sonogram (SON-o-gram)

A computer picture of areas inside the body created when sound waves bounce off organs and other tissues. Also called ultrasonogram or ultrasound. (Read about "Ultrasound Imaging")

Spinal Fusion

Spinal fusion can be used to treat injuries, ruptured disks and scoliosis. Two or more vertebrae are fused together using bone and/or metal rods. (Read about "The Spine")

Spinal tap

A procedure in which a needle is put into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid or to give anticancer drugs intrathecally. Also called a lumbar puncture.

Spiral CT scan

A detailed picture of areas inside the body. The pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine that scans the body in a spiral path. Also called helical computed tomography. (Read about "CT Scan - Computerized Tomography")

Splenectomy (splen-EK-toe-mee)

An operation to remove the spleen. (Read about "The Spleen")

Stent

A device placed in a body structure (such as a blood vessel, ureter or the gastrointestinal tract) to provide support and keep the structure open. Can be used following heart or other types of surgery. (Read about "Angioplasty" "The Heart & Cardiovascular System" "Heart Attack" "Coronary Heart Disease")

Stereotactic biopsy (STAIR-ee-o-TAK-tik BY-op-see)

A biopsy procedure that uses a computer and a three-dimensional scanning device to find a tumor site and guide the removal of tissue for examination under a microscope. Can be used to diagnose breast cancer, brain tumors, and other cancers. (Read about "Biopsy" "Breast Cancer" "Brain Tumors")

Stereotactic radiosurgery

A radiation therapy technique involving a rigid head frame that is attached to the skull; high-dose radiation is administered through openings in the head frame to the tumor while decreasing the amount of radiation given to normal brain tissue. (Read about "Brain Tumors") This procedure does not involve surgery. Also called stereotaxic radiosurgery and stereotactic radiation therapy.

Steroid therapy

Treatment with corticosteroid drugs to reduce swelling, pain, and other symptoms of inflammation.

Stress test

A stress test is used to record the heartbeat during exercise. This helps a doctor determine how well your heart can handle work. This test can be used to diagnose and monitor a number of heart problems. (Read about "Stress Test" "The Heart & Cardiovascular System")

Surgery

A procedure to remove or repair a part of the body or to find out whether disease is present. An operation.

Systemic therapy (sis-TEM-ik)

Treatment using substances that travel through the bloodstream, reaching and affecting cells all over the body.

T |

TENS

Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation. A technique in which mild electric currents are applied to some areas of the skin by a small power pack connected to two electrodes. Can be used as treatment for chronic pain. (Read about "Chronic Pain")

Thallium stress test (nuclear stress test)

A thallium stress test (or nuclear stress test) shows the working of the heart muscle. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and a camera shows how well blood flows to the heart muscle. It's usually done in conjunction with an exercise stress test on a treadmill or bicycle. (Read about "Stress Test")

Thermal ablation

A procedure using heat to remove tissue or a part of the body, or destroy its function. Radiofrequency thermal ablation can be used in the treatment of a variety of conditions including certain types of arrhythmia as well as liver and other types of cancers. (Read about "Arrhythmia" "Liver Cancer" "Cancer Treatments")

Thoracoscopy

The use of a thin, lighted tube (called an endoscope) to examine the inside of the chest. Can be used in the diagnosis of lung cancer and other conditions. (Read about "Endoscopy" "Lung Cancer")

Thoracotomy (thor-a-KAH-toe-mee)

An operation to open the chest. Can be used in the diagnosis or treatment of lung cancer and other conditions (Read about "Lung Cancer")

Thyroidectomy (thigh-roid-EK-toe-mee)

Surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid. (Read about "The Thyroid")

Tilt Table Test

A tilt table test can be used to diagnose patients with unexplained fainting spells or syncope. (Read about "Syncope/Fainting") During the test, heart rate, blood pressure or other measurements can be made while the patient lies on a table which is tilted so he or she can be monitored in different positions from lying down to standing upright.

Tomography (tuh-MAH-gra-fee)

A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. (Read about "CT Scan - Computerized Tomography")

Topical

On the surface of the body.

Total Hip Replacement

A surgical procedure in which the diseased cartilage and bone of the hip joint is surgically replaced with artificial materials. (Read about "The Hip" "Joint Replacement")

Total Knee Replacement

A surgical procedure in which the diseased cartilage and bone of the knee joint is surgically replaced with artificial materials. (Read about "The Knee" "Joint Replacement")

Tracheostomy (TRAY-kee-AHS-toe-mee)

Surgery to create an opening (stoma) into the windpipe. The opening itself may also be called a tracheostomy. May be needed following treatment for laryngeal cancer (Read about "Head and Neck Cancers")

Transabdominal ultrasound

A procedure used to examine the organs in the abdomen. The ultrasound device is pressed firmly against the skin of the abdomen. Sound waves from the device bounce off tissues and create echoes. A computer uses the echoes to make a picture called a sonogram. Can be used in the monitoring of fetal development during pregnancy. (Read about "Ultrasound Imaging" "Healthy Pregnancy" "Pregnancy Testing")

Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation

TENS. A technique in which mild electric currents are applied to some areas of the skin by a small power pack connected to two electrodes. Can be used in treatment of chronic pain. (Read about "Chronic Pain")

Transfusion (trans-FYOO-zhun)

The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. (Read about "Blood Donation")

Transplantation

The replacement of an organ with one from another person. (Read about "Transplants")

Transrectal ultrasound

A procedure used to examine the prostate. An instrument is inserted into the rectum, and sound waves bounce off the prostate. These sound waves create echoes, which a computer uses to create a picture called a sonogram. (Read about "Ultrasound Imaging" "The Prostate")

Transurethral resection (TRANZ-yoo-REE-thral ree-SEK-shun)

Surgery performed with a special instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called TUR. Can be used to treat enlarged prostate. (Read about "The Prostate")

Transvaginal ultrasound

A procedure used to examine the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and bladder. An instrument is inserted into the vagina, and sound waves bounce off organs inside the pelvic area. (Read about "Ultrasound Imaging") These sound waves create echoes, which a computer uses to create a picture called a sonogram. Also called TVS. Can be used during pregnancy. (Read about "Pregnancy Testing") Can be used to diagnose urinary conditions, ovarian cysts, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, uterine fibroids and other conditions. (Read about "The Urinary System" "The Ovaries" "Uterine Cancer" "Uterine Fibroids")

U |

Ultrasound test

A test that bounces sound waves off tissues and internal organs and changes the echoes into sonograms (pictures). See also abdominal ultrasound, transabdominal ultrasound, transrectal ultrasound and transvaginal ultrasound. (Read about "Ultrasound Imaging")

Upper GI series

A series of x-rays of the upper digestive (gastrointestinal, or GI) system that are taken after a person drinks a barium solution, which outlines the digestive organs on the x-rays. Used to diagnose a variety of conditions including stomach cancer and esophagus cancer, peptic ulcer, and other abnormalities. (Read about "X-rays" "Digestive System" "Stomach Cancer" "Esophagus Cancer" "Peptic Ulcers" "Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease")

Urostomy (yoo-RAHS-toe-mee)

An operation to create an opening from inside the body to the outside, making a new way to pass urine. Can be used following some treatments for bladder cancer. (Read about "The Urinary System" "Bladder Cancer")

Uterine ablation

Procedure done to remove the lining of the uterus. Can be done as an alternative to hysterectomy for treatment of excessive menstrual bleeding. (Read about "Menstrual Disorders")

Uterine Fibroid Embolization (UFE)

Also called Uterine Artery Embolization (UAE): Cutting off the blood supply as a way to shrink uterine fibroids. (Read about "Uterine Fibroids")

V |

Vaginal Hysterectomy

Surgical removal of the uterus through the vagina. (Read about "Hysterectomy")

Vertebroplasty

Vertebroplasty can be used for fractures of the spine. A glue type substance is injected into a fractured vertebrae to stabilize it. (Read about "The Spine")

Voiding Cystourethrogram

An x-ray examination of the bladder and lower urinary tract. A catheter is inserted through the urethra, then the bladder is filled with a water-soluble contrast dye and the catheter is withdrawn. X-rays are then taken as the patient empties the bladder. Can used in the diagnosis of bladder problems, enlarged prostate and other conditions. (Read about "X-rays" "The Urinary System" "The Prostate")

W |

Watchful Waiting

Closely monitoring a patient's condition but withholding treatment until symptoms appear or change. Also called observation. Can be used as an option in some cases of prostate cancer (Read about "The Prostate")

X Y Z |

X-ray

A type of high-energy radiation. In low doses, x-rays are used to diagnose diseases by making pictures of the inside of the body. In high doses, x-rays are used to treat cancer. (Read about "X-rays" "Cancer Treatments")

Xeroradiography (ZEE-ro-ray-dee-AH-gra-fee)

A type of x-ray in which a picture of the body is recorded on paper rather than on film. (Read about "X-rays")

All Concept Communications material is provided for information only and is neither advice nor a substitute for proper medical care. Consult a qualified healthcare professional who understands your particular history for individual concerns.

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